FM Techie

Introduction Precision Air Conditioners (PACs) are advanced cooling systems designed specifically for environments with sensitive electronic equipment. Unlike standard air conditioners, which focus on human comfort, PACs regulate temperature and humidity within strict limits to prevent overheating and moisture-related damage. These units are essential in data centers, server rooms, and industrial facilities where stable climate control is critical for operational efficiency and equipment longevity. Precision Air Conditioners (PAC) are specialized air conditioning systems designed to monitor and control temperature and humidity within a narrow range. Unlike regular air conditioners that primarily cool people, PACs are specifically built to manage the heat generated by electronic equipment, such as servers. These devices require stable humidity levels for efficient operation, as both high and low humidity can negatively impact their performance over time. How Precision Air Conditioners W...

Introduction Electricity is an essential part of modern life, but electrical faults like short circuits and overloads pose serious risks. To prevent damage and ensure safety, Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) are used as protective devices. Unlike traditional fuses, MCBs automatically disconnect circuits during faults and can be easily reset, making them a reliable and convenient solution for residential, commercial, and industrial electrical systems. Electricity plays a vital role in our daily lives. However, electrical faults such as overloads and short circuits can cause serious damage. To prevent this, a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is used. It is a safety device designed to protect electrical circuits from damage due to excess current. What is an MCB? An MCB is an automatic switch that trips and disconnects the circuit when excessive current flows through it. Unlike traditional fuses, an MCB does not need replacement after tripping. It can simply be reset, making it more conven...

Introduction: A well maintained diesel generator ensures reliable performance and emergency power availability. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Diesel Generator Daily Check provides a structured approach for inspecting critical components, identifying potential issues, and maintaining operational efficiency. Regular checks help prevent unexpected failures, extend equipment life, and ensure the generator is always ready for use. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Diesel Generator Daily Check Purpose: To ensure that the diesel generator is in good condition and ready for use. Scope: This SOP applies to all personnel responsible for operating the diesel generator. Procedure: Check the fuel level: Check the fuel level of the diesel generator and ensure it is above the minimum level required for operation. Check the oil level: Check the oil level using the dipstick and ensure it is within the safe range. Check the coolant level: Check the coolant level in the radiator or expa...

Introduction: Filter Feed Pumps are essential components in industrial water treatment systems, facilitating the movement of water through filtration stages to enhance its quality. These pumps draw clarified water and direct it through the Pressure Sand Filter (PSF) and Activated Carbon Filter (ACF), which work together to remove solid impurities, organic matter, and undesirable odors. By ensuring consistent water flow and pressure, Filter Feed Pumps play a crucial role in maintaining efficient filtration processes. FILTER FEED PUMPS Filter Feed Pumps are used to draw water from the clarified water sump and pass it through the Pressure Sand Filter (PSF) and Activated Carbon Filter (ACF), which are installed in series to improve water quality. PRESSURE SAND FILTER (PSF) Working Principle: The upper layers of sand perform the actual filtration function, while gravel layers provide physical support. Specialized sand with a specific particle size is used to trap solid impurities present in...

Introduction: The Clarifier, or Settling Tank, is a crucial component in the sewage treatment process, designed to separate solid sludge from treated water through sedimentation. It ensures that bacterial flocs settle efficiently while preventing turbulence, allowing for the collection of sludge and the discharge of clarified water. Proper operation of the clarifier is essential to maintaining a balanced biological process in the treatment plant, preventing microorganism loss, and ensuring smooth wastewater processing. CLARIFIER/ SETTLING TANK 1 The sewage inlet pipe brings sewage from the aeration tank. 2 The center-feed well takes this incoming sewage and gently releases it in the settling tank, without causing any disturbance or turbulence. 3 The sludge is only slightly heavier than water; so it takes time to sink. It slides down the steeply sloped walls of the tank toward the center of the bottom. 4 The bacterial flocs7 collect here in high concentration. 5 The sludge delivery pipe...

 Introduction: The Aeration Tank is the core of the sewage treatment process, where biological treatment takes place using microorganisms. This tank maintains a high population of microbes that break down organic matter, forming a mixture known as Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS). Through continuous aeration and controlled microbial activity, the tank ensures efficient wastewater treatment before the process moves to the clarifier for further purification. AERATION TANK The Aeration tank is at the heart of the treatment system. The bulk of the treatment is provided here, employing microbes/bacteria for the process.  The main function of the Aeration tank is to maintain a high population level of microbes. This mixture is called MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids). The mixed liquor is passed on to the clarifier tank, where the microbes are made to settle at the bottom.  The settled microbes are recycled back to the aeration tank. Thus they are retained for a long peri...

  Introduction: Transformers contain several critical components that ensure their efficient operation, protection, and longevity. Among these, the conservator, breather, explosion vent, oil temperature relay, oil drain valve, fins, level indicator, and Buchholz relay play vital roles in regulating oil levels, preventing faults, monitoring temperature, and ensuring safety. These elements help maintain the transformer's health by addressing oil expansion, air moisture absorption, pressure regulation, and fault detection. Understanding these components is essential for effective operation, maintenance, and fault prevention in transformers. CONSERVATOR:  This is mounted on top of the oil tank. This should have oil two third of its volume and the remaining filled with air. The conservator is used to accommodate the expanded volume of the transformer oil when ever the oil gets heated up owing to loading of the transformer. Also when the oil cools down, the oil from the conservator ...

Introduction The equalization tank is a crucial component in a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), serving as the first collection and buffering stage. It regulates the fluctuating inflow of raw sewage from bar screen chambers, oil traps, and grit separators, ensuring a steady and controlled flow to the treatment process. This tank plays a vital role in preventing system overloads during peak hours while maintaining efficient wastewater treatment. Additionally, aeration through coarse bubble diffusers helps in mixing and preventing sedimentation, optimizing the efficiency of the STP. Equalization Tank The sewage from the bar screen chamber and oil, grease and grit trap comes to the equalization tank. The equalization tank is the first collection tank in an STP Its main function is to act as buffer:  To collect the incoming raw sewage that comes at widely fluctuating rates, and pass it on to the rest of the STP at a steady (average) flow rate. During the peak hours, sewage comes at a high...

Introduction Sewage treatment is an essential process designed to remove contaminants from wastewater, household sewage, and industrial effluents. The primary goal is to ensure that the treated water is safe for disposal into the environment or suitable for reuse in various applications. This process involves physical, chemical, and biological methods that collectively help maintain environmental balance and reduce the strain on potable water sources. Proper sewage treatment is crucial to: Prevent water pollution Protect human health Conserve natural resources by reusing treated wastewater Reduce the environmental impact of urbanization and industrialization Stages of Sewage Treatment Sewage treatment consists of three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Each stage plays a critical role in ensuring the removal of solids, organic matter, and pathogens. 1. Primary Treatment (Solid Separation) Primary treatment is the initial phase where large solids and sediments are...

Introduction: Transformers are vital components in electrical power systems, ensuring efficient voltage regulation and power transmission. However, various faults and failures can occur due to mechanical, electrical, and thermal stresses, leading to operational disruptions and potential damage. Understanding the causes of transformer faults is crucial for preventive maintenance and reliable operation. This guide explores common transformer faults, their causes, and preventive measures to enhance transformer lifespan and efficiency. Causes of Faults in Transformers Transformers are critical components in electrical power systems, and their failure can lead to significant operational disruptions. Various factors contribute to transformer faults, which can be classified based on their origin and impact. Here are some of the most common causes of transformer faults:   1. Winding to Core Faults (Insulation Failure) One of the most common transformer faults occurs due to weakening of ins...

Introduction: Electrical systems function based on fundamental parameters that define the behavior of electricity as it flows through various components. The key electrical parameters include voltage, current, resistance, and power, each playing a crucial role in circuit operation. Understanding these parameters helps in designing, analyzing, and troubleshooting electrical systems efficiently. This guide explores these essential electrical parameters, their significance, and real world applications in various electrical systems. ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS:                                    a) Electrical Voltage Voltage is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor. It is also called Electro Motive Force (EMF) as it pushes electrons within a circuit. The unit of voltage is volts (V). Example: A 230V power supply provides the force needed to operate household electrical appliances. ...

Objective To accurately measure the earth pit resistance using an Earth Resistance Tester to ensure proper grounding and electrical safety. Equipment Required Earth Resistance Tester (with four terminals: P1, P2, C1, and C2) Two terminal rods (for current and potential measurement) Measuring tape (for precise placement of rods) Hammer (for driving rods into the ground) Connecting wires (for stable connections) Step by Step Procedure Step 1: Preparation Clean the Earth Pit – Remove debris and ensure unobstructed access to the pit. Check the Earth Resistance Tester – Ensure proper functionality before use. Preliminary Equipment Checks: Confirm that the tester has four terminals (P1, P2, C1, and C2). Ensure the pointer reads zero when the tester is not in use. Adjust the zero adjustment screw if necessary. Step 2: Connection Setup Short terminals P1 and C1 and connect them to the earth pit electrode whose resistance needs to be measured. Position the terminal rods as follows: Current Rod ...